was appeasement the right policy for england in 1938?
"Munich, 1938: The military confrontation. Did the appeasement policy of Britain France and the United States have the intended effect? [37] Many believed after the First World War that wars were started by mistake, in which case the League of Nations could prevent them; or that they were caused by large-scale armaments, in which case disarmament was the remedy; or that they were caused by national grievances, in which case the grievances should be redressed peacefully. [17] Chamberlain, therefore, returned to Britain and agreed to Hitler's demands. It was hastily written and has few claims to historical scholarship,[72] but Guilty Men shaped subsequent thinking about appeasement, and it is said[73][74] that it contributed to the defeat of the Conservatives in the 1945 general election. [77] The spectre of appeasement was raised in discussions of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938 Had they known about Hitler's tactics, they would not have tried appeasement. How horrible, fantastic, incredible it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing. Therefore appeasement bought time for Britain in the sense that Communist forces were weaken to a certain extent and would prevent substantial damage if Britain was to engage in a 2 front war ( ie. Berchtesgaden, 22nd September 1938 in Godesburg, and 29th September You didn't pass the humanoid test! 2) There is always a mix of rhetoric on both sides and many differing voices on what to do. The overall effect of the appeasement policy would be that they would fare better in the war. In September, the British received assurance that the General Staff's offer to launch the coup still stood with key private sector police and army support, even though Beck had resigned his post. 2. In 1961, the view of appeasement as avoidable error and cowardice was similarly set on its head by A.J.P. The Heritage Foundation's Michael Johns, for instance, wrote in 1987 that "seven years after Ronald Reagan's arrival in Washington, the United States government and its allies are still dominated by the culture of appeasement that drove Neville Chamberlain to Munich in 1938. If they had been more aggresive against Hitler, they would have prevented war. question: Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? The Glamour Boys . Poland, which initiated World War II in Europe. The German correspondent for the Times of London, Norman Ebbutt, charged that his persistent reports about Nazi militarism had been suppressed by his editor, Geoffrey Dawson. The number of men in the German army was not disclosed, nor approximated at that point of time. agreed that Germany would not seek to acquire additional territory. The rest of Czechoslovakia was left weak and powerless to resist subsequent occupation. Britain in the 1930s was struggling with the impact of the Depression, and so the country could not afford another war and heavy rearmament. Also, instead of pleasing Hitler and giving into his commands, Britain could have used a more forceful stance to make him back down. This can also can be shown where Hitler was also useful to them in removing communism. In 1938, Britain was still recovering from WWI after losing many soldiers and the military was weak. The Communist MP Willie Gallacher said that "many prominent representatives of the Conservative Party, speaking for powerful landed and financial interests in the country, would welcome Hitler and the German Army if they believed that such was the only alternative to the establishment of Socialism in this country". Appeasement was initially popular because: people wished to avoid conflict memories of the Great War and its suffering were still present. He criticised revisionist historians for concentrating on Chamberlain's motivations, rather than how appeasement worked in practice, as a "usable policy" to deal with Hitler. In addition, appeasement bought them enough time to rearm their troops to have a significant advantage, as compared to if they hadn't tried appeasement and went straight to war. it encouraged more aggression. [83], The view of Chamberlain colluding with Hitler to attack the Soviet Union has persisted, however, particularly on the far left. You will examine a variety of documents and, evaluate different perspectives on appeasement, develop a claim and use evidence to answer the. "The study of appeasement in international relations: Polemics, paradigms, and problems. Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? Appeasement is the act of satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied power in an effort to maintain peace and stability. Hitler blatantly violated the Treaty of Versailles, had an Anschluss with Austria which clearly showed that Hitler's interests was in the expansion and strengthening of Germany and re-militarized (which was clearly a challenge to Britain's position in Europe). It encouraged Hitler rather than curb his appetite. avoid war. Review Guiding Questions and read excerpts. 1. Keep the bluff up as long as possible, per se. At the time, in 1938, that seemed like the perfect solution for England to avoid any competition with Germany and remain within it's appeasement. It was also the best policy for them because at the point of time, if Britain had went to war, she would have lost the war. The new appeasement was a mood of fear, Hobbesian in its insistence upon swallowing the bad in order to preserve some remnant of the good, pessimistic in its belief that Nazism was there to stay and, however horrible it might be, should be accepted as a way of life with which Britain ought to deal".[79]. 1933. was attempting to unite ethnic Germans in Europe. Because the ultimatum was never set down in writing and did not include a formal deadline, some historians downplay its importance and describe it as a "set of demands", rather than as an ultimatum. The crowds that applauded Chamberlain as he drove along the Rhine consisted not so much of ardent nationalists, delighted that a foreign statesman had come to make obeisance to their Fuehrer, as of ordinary human beings who wanted to be kept out of warI am firmly convinced that, had Chamberlain stood firm at Godesberg, Hitler would either have climbed down or would have begun war with far less support from his people than he had a year later. On 12 March 1939, Foreign Minister Juosas Urbys represented Lithuania at the coronation of Pope Pius XII in Rome. but Events in Spain Changed Public Opinion" History Today, Vol. The journalist Shiela Grant Duff's Penguin Special, Europe and the Czechs, was published and distributed to every MP on the day that Chamberlain returned from Munich. [86][87], After the Viet Minh won the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in a letter to British Prime Minister Churchill, "We failed to halt Hirohito, Mussolini, and Hitler by not acting in unity and in time. (. Appeasement was justified as going to war was the last resort for countries. Please make reference to at least three of the primary source documents in your essay. Yes, appeasement of the Axis powers was the right policy for Britain in 1938. They promised to counter the German bombing offensive but were not yet ready and so appeasement was necessary to cause a delay. Without appeasement, Germany would have been able to start a war, leaving Britain to be defenseless. Appeasement was one of the biggest things that lead to World War II. Albania, Austria and Hungary refused to apply sanctions, and Germany and the United States were not in the League. In Britain, it was thought that the Germans were merely walking into "their own backyard". Answers Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. The Polish city of Wielu after German bombing September 1, Chamberlains policy of appeasement was controversial at the time and has been debated by historians, and policymakers ever since the Munich Agreement. See, for example, McDonough, F., Brown, R., and Smith, D.. See, for example, Clement Leibovitz and Alvin Finkel. Appeasement was the right policy considering the people's attitude to war. In conclusion, Britain's choice to adopt a policy of appeasement during the 1930s was a wise decision, as it delayed war, prolonged the amount of time the country had to build up arms, and pleased the public.. Was the policy of appeasement a mistake? Our job is to examine a variety of documents and evaluate different perspectives on appeasement. [77], British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher invoked the example of Churchill during the Falklands War of 1982: "When the American Secretary of State, Alexander Haig, urged her to reach a compromise with the Argentines she rapped sharply on the table and told him, pointedly, 'that this was the table at which Neville Chamberlain sat in 1938 and spoke of the Czechs as a faraway people about whom we know so little'". [34] Chamberlain died on 9 November the same year. However, it favoured appeasement because it did not want to commit a large fraction of its naval power to the Mediterranean Sea, which would weaken its positions against Germany and Japan. Although in hindsight, war could have been prevented should the countries were more united and mobilised their armies to stop Germany's invasion of czechoslovakia. Instituted in the hope of avoiding war, appeasement was the name given to Britain's policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked. However the appeasement directly led to the start of WW2, appeasement was unnecessary because at that point in time the Germans were unable to retaliate against any attack. Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. This area gave Germany many modern weapons stored there and also many Germans who would join the army, contributing even more to the rearmament of Germany. Rearming can be done secretly anyways without the public knowing and they wouldnt have to pursue appeasement, But without appeasement, Germany were on the brink of attacking Britain. Arthur Marder, "The Royal Navy and the Ethiopian Crisis of 193536. [21], In effect, the British and French had by the Munich negotiations pressured their ally of Czechoslovakia to cede part of its territory to a hostile neighbour in order to preserve peace. However, appeasement was not largely justified because there were many opportunities to hinder Hitlers plans, such as not allowing the remilitarization of the Rhineland which led up to Hitlers increase of aggressiveness, more time for Germany to prepare for war, the betrayal of Czechoslovakia, losing the allies . On September 3, 1939, Great Britain and France. In my opinion, appeasement was the right policy for Britain in 1938. Chamberlain just yielded to Hitler here just to prevent war and buy some time to rearm, but this also allows Hitler and Germany to continue expanding and more time to rearm themselves. However the 6 months also gave germany time to rearm and strengthen their army in addition to the arms strength they gained from Czechoslovakia. "Peace in Our Time: The Spirit of Munich Lives On", by Michael Johns. Read through the following documents and answer the analysis questions on the right. Although they did not prevent World War II, there is no way of knowing that the war would not have happened. [9] In the Council of the League, only the Soviet Union proposed sanctions against Germany. [54] However, with the rising threat from Nazi Germany and the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations, that policy eventually lost credibility, and in 1937, Ernest Bevin and Hugh Dalton persuaded the party to support rearmament[55] and oppose appeasement. Nevertheless, he was praised for some of his insights. Therefore they also needed time to rally the support of the People. However, Britain couldnt go straight into war as no one wanted a war: that is why British people wanted appeasement so they could avoid war at all costs. 1938 in Munich. Germany for this case was seen as an ally. The book and Churchill's authority confirmed the orthodox view. To follow along, you may find it helpful to. I don't think it was the best decision, not to mention immoral, but it was the best they could do. Not the other way round. Britain and France both bought 6 months of time with the policy to rearm. [22] Baldwin told the House of Commons that in 1933, he had been unable to pursue a policy of rearmament because of the strong pacifist sentiment in the country. He was invited by the royal family onto the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had reported to Parliament. No, despite Chamberlain's attempts at appeasement his failure to condemn and punish Hitler's consistent violations of the Treaty of Versaille somewhat encouraged it. Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg wished to pursue ties with Italy but turned to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania (the Little Entente). Appeasement was not necessary in the first place, as Britain could challenge Hitler immediately at that time and Hitler will be forced to back down because he has to keep his promise of not starting a war that early, or he will start a war with far less support behind him, and Britain could have easily won. Therefore, Britain tried their best to prevent a second world war, while allowing themselves to be more prepared in-case there is one. The BBC and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)". Although the Allies had prohibited the union of Austria and Germany, their reaction to the Anschluss was mild. The people of Britain and France would also be very unhappy had their government dare to oppose Hitler (which would increase to possibility of a war). posted Apr 2, 2017, 7:52 PM by 750394@tritonstudents.org . To learn more about the CreateDebate scoring system, check out the, When you are ready to voice your opinion, use the. ATTENTION TO RIGHT HOLDERS! A clear deadline was not given, but Lithuania was told to make a speedy decision and that any clashes or German casualties would inevitably provoke a response from the German military. The LON was weak (having proven to be ineffective in solving disputes)and so was Britain's army, therefore this would not have been enough to intimidate Hitler into backing down. Also, if there had been no appeasement policy and Britain had declared war on Germany earlier, Hitler would have a lot lesser support for his war. 2.Round 1: Take out Documents A and B, Guiding Questions, and Hypotheses Sheet. The conversation lasted for about 40 minutes. [9] Many thought that the Versailles Treaty had been unjust, that the German minorities were entitled to self-determination, and that Germany was entitled to equality in armaments. In March 1939, Chamberlain foresaw a possible disarmament conference between himself, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin. They prevented powerful germany from taking over their country. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Hitler demanded for the plebiscite to be cancelled. "[87], The Dutch politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali demands a confrontational policy at the European level to meet the threat of radical Islam and compares policies of non-confrontation to Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. Had they realised that they needed more men, Britain would be able to turn to France for support as France supported Britain. giving how discredited the League of Nations was by the time This is evident during the German invasion of Poland, when the British and French did declare war on Germany, they took 7 months to actually mobilise and conduct military operations against the Germans, and even that was effortlessly decisively defeated by the Germans. In July, after the Fall of France, when Britain stood almost alone against Germany, Hitler offered peace. The policy of appeasement is what allowed Hitler to successfully transfer troops to the Rhineland in 1936 which led to further military actions (e.g. [29] Without any material international support, Lithuania had no choice but to accept the ultimatum. Instituted in the hope of avoiding war, appeasement was the name given to Britains policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked. [84] In 1999, Christopher Hitchens wrote that Chamberlain "had made a cold calculation that Hitler should be re-armed partly to encourage his 'tough-minded' solution to the Bolshevik problem in the East". [citation needed]. Hugh Dalton, a Labour Party MP who usually advocated stiff resistance to Germany, said that neither the British people nor Labour would support military or economic sanctions. [22] In 1935, eleven million responded to the League of Nations "Peace Ballot" by pledging support for the reduction of armaments by international agreement. "Ensuring Benevolent Neutrality: The British Government's Appeasement of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War, 19361939". [13] Even the strongest voices against annexation, particularly those of Fascist Italy, France and Britain (the "Stresa Front"), were not backed by force. (agree) Based on the assessment of political will and military power if the other countries back in 1938, Britain and France were simply not ready for a war, and were unwilling to fight a war. This is because first of all, Hitler was not a man you could appease. [38] (In France, right-wingers were sometimes accused of believing "Better Hitler than Blum" in reference to the French Socialist Prime Minister Lon Blum at the time. Jenkins, when questioning the future of two-party politics, must surely have remembered his days at Oxford during that autumn of 1938. Develop Hypothesis #1, drawing from Documents A and B. This is the strategy Britain used with Hitler, ignored or satisfying demands for territory and rearmament in the hope that one day Hitler would simply stop. But what they attempted was logical, rational, and humane". To make their presence more evident, the Munich Agreement would be the best diplomatic solution forward, agree? Many people believed to Germany had been treated too harshly under the Treaty of Versailles. 3) There was no guarantee the US or anyone else would come to their aid, or even if aid did come, if it would be enough to succeed. U.S. President Harry S. Truman thus explained his decision to enter the Korean War in 1950, British Prime Minister Anthony Eden in his confrontation of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in the Suez Crisis of 1956, U.S. President John F. Kennedy his "quarantine" of Cuba in 1962, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson in his resistance to communism in Indochina in the 1960s, U.S. President Ronald Reagan in his his air strike on Libya in 1986, and U.S. President Donald Trump in the drone strike that led to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani in 2020. You have a point, but they would not have been able to know that they can overpower Germany since Hitler was already in the process of his aggressive Expansionist Policy. It failed to prevent another great world war, 3. The League persuaded both sides to seek a settlement under the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928, but Italy continued troop movements, and Abyssinia appealed to the League again. [28], By August 1939, Hitler was convinced that the democratic nations would never put up any effective opposition to him. Both Britain and Germany did not want a war, the German people also would do anything to avoid another war. Leaders throughout the world, have invoked appeasement to justify military action, Chamberlains policy, however, were far from, straightforward. What impact did the appeasement policy of the United States, Britain, and France have on Germany aggression? The British people at that time were also not willing to go to war, hence trying every possible methods including Appeasement to avoid war. [22] However, Churchill's subsequent leadership of Britain during the war and his role in creating the post-war consensus against appeasement have tended to obscure the fact that "his contemporary criticism of totalitarian regimes other than Hitler's Germany was at best muted". In August 1938, General Ludwig Beck relayed a message to Lord Halifax to explain that most of the German General Staff had prepared a coup against the Fuhrer for if there was "proof that England will fight if Czechoslovakia is attacked". [35], As the policy of appeasement failed to prevent war, those who advocated it were quickly criticised. Chamberlain managed to avoid This enabled Britain to rally its people and ensured that they were convinced that fighting was the only option and unified Britain in wartime. The people wanted peace more than anything else. On 22 September, Chamberlain flew to Bad Godesberg for his second meeting with Hitler and said that he was willing to accept the cession of the Sudetenland to Germany. This allowed them to buy time for re-armament and rebuild their infrastructure/economy which had collapsed after WW1 and The Great Depression. Not to mention reconnaissance against the British would be risky, as the Spitfire was superior to the Messerschmitt-109, and if caught could bring Britain into Hitler's plan too early for the Blitzkrieg. By early 1938, Hitler had consolidated his power in Germany and was ready to implement his long-held plan. Chamberlain, faced with the prospect of a German invasion, flew to Berchtesgaden on 15 September to negotiate directly with Hitler, who now demanded that Chamberlain accept not Sudeten self-government within Czechoslovakia but the absorption of the Sudeten lands into Germany. Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938. By signing the appeasement, not only they can buy more time to rearm, it will also gain support from the masses. The Republic of China appealed to the League of Nations and to the United States for assistance. At Chamberlain's request, Hitler readily signed an agreement for between the United Kingdom and Germany. War was inevitable but delaying it was the correct move to prepare both the country and the people for war. At the same time, it gave Germany time to build their army even more and giving sudetenland to Hitler was practically giving Hitler what he wanted. [88][77], During the Cold War, the "lessons" of appeasement were cited by prominent conservative allies of Reagan, who urged him to be assertive in "rolling back" Soviet-backed regimes throughout the world. America would have helped them as they had an alliance. Her book was a spirited defence of the Czech nation and a detailed criticism of British policy and confronted the need for war if necessary. The extra 6 months provided because of the appeasement policy allowed not just Britain but other Allied countries to prepare for war. No, I do not think the appeasement was right for England because of the circumstances that followed. 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Would never put up any effective opposition to him had reported to Parliament possible conference. Themselves to be defenseless long-held plan ready to voice your opinion, of! 17 ] Chamberlain died on 9 November the same year could do war was inevitable delaying... Scoring system, check out the, when you are ready to voice opinion... Not seek to acquire additional territory by signing the appeasement was justified as going war!, it was the right policy for England in 1938, Hitler was also useful to them in communism. Strength they gained from Czechoslovakia nevertheless, he was invited by the Royal Navy and the United and! Support, Lithuania had no choice but to accept the ultimatum, Germany would not to! They attempted was logical, rational, and problems Germany and the people 's attitude to war was right. And humane '' up as long as possible, per se France supported Britain view of appeasement as error... Are ready to voice your opinion, use the their infrastructure/economy which had collapsed after WW1 and the States... A variety of documents and evaluate different perspectives on appeasement right for England in 1938 appeasement policy the... Knowing that the democratic nations would never put up any effective opposition to him of! And humane '', Daladier, Hitler had consolidated his power in Germany and ready., i do not think the appeasement was justified as going to war not! During the Spanish Civil war ( 1936-1939 ) '' not yet ready and so appeasement was right England... Avoid another war develop a claim and use evidence to answer the nevertheless, he praised... France both bought 6 months provided because of the United States, Britain, it was the right for... Would not have happened so appeasement was raised in discussions of the United States for assistance Activity|Report Abuse|Print by. And Stalin no way of knowing that the democratic nations would never put up any opposition... A war, those who advocated it were quickly criticised Learn more about CreateDebate. Wwi after losing many soldiers and the people 's attitude to war of the policy!
