chickamauga cherokee nation bolivar mo

A variety of ranger-led tours are offered throughout the year. The use of the image of the Ancient Axe of Authority is used by expressed written consent of its creator and copyright holder, Dr. Michelle Spruell. People of the Overhill and Valley towns did speak a similar dialect. Editorial comment does not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the College. Following the death of Dragging Canoe in 1792, his hand-picked successor, John Watts, assumed control of the Lower Cherokee. Dragging Canoe and his followers settled at the place where the Great Indian Warpath crossed the Chickamauga Creek, near present-day Chattanooga, Tennessee. American Ancestors. Chickamauga Cherokee Sac and White River Bands List of upcoming events All meetings and gatherings will be at the Tribal grounds. Pathkiller, (c 1749 to 8 January 1827), was a Cherokee warrior, town chief, and Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Cherokee Indians. He did attract some support from younger warriors of the Upper Muscogee. 3. Dragging Canoe 1788 . He moved some leaders, until The Ridge spoke even more eloquently in rebuttal, calling instead for support of the Americans in the coming war with the British and Tecumseh's alliance. The Cherokee Legend of the First Strawberry. 1914-1918 WWI. 1835-1838, all Cherokees were told to move to Oklahoma. In case you missed itcheck out this link for a multicultural festival that was recently held in Springfield, Missouri. Cherokee wars and treaties, series of battles and agreements around the period of the U.S. War of Independence that effectively reduced Cherokee power and landholdings in Georgia, eastern Tennessee, and western North and South Carolina, freeing this territory for speculation and settlement by the white man. 3.57 avg rating 7 ratings. In the latter part of the eighteenth century some Cherokee worked their way down the Tennessee River as far as Muscle Shoals, constituting the Chickamauga band. There are so many Native American clubs, organizations, and such now days. The school year 1935-1936 was its last, and given its location its safe to suggest that it fell to the expansion of Lovell Field, which it bordered to its immediate north on what used to be the Dr. J.B. Haskins farm. Fields had previously served as a warrior. Follow the Hilltop Monitor on social media for more great news and content. Sac and White River Band of the Chickamauga Cherokee of Mo and Ark. The Cherokee reorganized their government under Chief John Ross and became known as the Western Band or the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Learn how your comment data is processed. . The spring is reportedly located on TVAs public recreation property south of the river on the lake. This term was closely associated with the people of these "Five Lower Towns". For more information see Meetings will be held in the Chapel which is easy to access more, The National Park Service on Monday transmitted the James K. Polk Presidential Home Special Resource Study (SRS) to Congress, concluding that the 11th presidents Columbia, Tennessee, residence more, Chattanooga Prep, Van Buren Advance To Region 3-A Final, Cleveland Edges Walker Valley In OT, 49-46, Brainerd, Tyner Set For Round 5 In Region 2-2A, Dalton State Golfers Tied For First In NAIA Poll, Thompson Named SoCon Freshman Of The Year, UTC Women Place Three On Academic All-District Team, Women's Army Corps Program Set For Feb. 25, Chattanooga Area Historical Association To Meet At First Presbyterian Church, National Park Service Transmits James K. Polk Presidential Home Study To Congress, Earl Freudenberg: Armed Forces Network Was Highlight Of My Radio Career, Cherokee Removal Program Will Be At Moccasin Bend On Feb. 18, Upcoming Spring Events Announced At The Chief Vann House, Chattanooga Funeral Home Celebrates 90th Anniversary, PHOTOS: Soddy, Daisy, And Montlake Historical Association's Annual History Fair, City Council Approves STVR Revision With Tight Limits In Single-Family Areas, Columbia Residential Named Master Developer For Westside Community Evolves Project, Vicki Anderson Resigns From Signal Mountain Council; Mountain Top Growth To Be Discussed, Winners Named Of Copy Of Chattanooga In Old Photos From Chattanoogan.com, Police Blotter: Couple Argues Over Mans Infidelity, Then He Takes Her Car; Woman On Wrong Bus Causes A Disorder, City Council Redistricting Lawsuit Moves Forward, State Rep. Greg Vitals Capitol Hill Review For Week Ending Feb. 24, John Shearer: Retired TV Personality Bill Landrys Latest Book Recalls Chattanooga Days, Chambers North Chattanooga Council Hosts Annual Expo, Dalton Officers Honored For Life-Saving Effort, St. Paul's Artist Series Concert Is Friday With Seth Parker Woods And Andrew Rosenblum, Songbirds To Host Youth Talent Show April 21. Directs that squatters be ordered off Indian Lands., Treaty of Hopewell, 7 Stat. Warriors from the Cherokee Nation East traveled to the lands of the Old Settlers (or Cherokee Nation West) in Arkansas Territory to assist them during the Cherokee-Osage War of 18171823, in which they fought against the Osage. Since Chickamauga was Dragging Canoes dwelling place (though its headman was another man named Big Fool), the eleven Cherokee settlements in the region, four of them on Chickamauga River, or South Chickamauga Creek alone, became known as Chickamauga Towns. The Chickamauga are the only militant faction battling the revolutionary armies, thus referred to in the Declaration of Independence as the Merciless, Savage Indians. A culturally and religiously traditionalist tribe, the Chickamauga join together with the traditionalist Muscogean and Mobillian tribes to fight in the Chickamauga Wars. Also traditional were the settlements of the Cherokee in the highlands of western North Carolina, which had become known as the Hill Towns, with their seat at Quallatown. All rights reserved. If anyone has found out more, I would love to know. The Chickamauga Cherokee were a group that separated from the greater body of the Cherokee tribes during the American Revolutionary War. That rebellion was mostly about stealing Indian land, about retaining the right to steal Indian land and about maintaining the right to keep slaves. The Cherokee Legend Of "Tsali". Marion County - Cherokee Territory. He broke away from the Cherokees in 1776, forming an aggressive wing of the tribe known as the . Office, Museum of theAmerican Tribes Of the Ozark's Plateau Artifacts -. His father is Nipissing, and his mother is French/Natchez. There are more than 32,000 members across the state who trace their heritage to the Chickamauga faction of the . Echota Heritage Site The Echota Cherokee Tribe is a state-recognized Native American group in Alabama, with its tribal headquarters located in Falkville, Morgan County. After 1788, the people established a national council of sorts, but it met irregularly and at the time had little authority. In part this was based on the degree of interaction and intermarriage they had with them through trading and other partnerships. Rogue elements of the military had previously destroyed the friendly Cherokee towns of Nickajack and Running Water., Conference between Governor William Blount of Southwest Territory, and several Cherokee representatives: Colenel John Watts of a Lower Cherokee town (Wills Town), and Scolacutta (aka, Hanging Maw), along with other Cherokee chiefs. Your email address will not be published. I have been searching for a long time and all I can find out is that there is a connection. Learn more about safety at Chickamauga and Chattanooga. We are recognized by the Executive Branch by numerous Presidents; including Washington and Jefferson, Washington's Fourth Annual Address to Congress and Jeffersons Land Trade as recorded in the Treaty of the Cherokee Agency, 7 Stat. It almost certainly came from the closest allies of the Cherokee in the wars of the later 18th century, the Shawnee. Allen, Penelope; "The Fields Settlement"; Penelope Allen Manuscript; Archive Section; Chattanooga-Hamilton County Bicentennial Library; Learn how and when to remove this template message, History of the Indian Tribes of North America, Social and economic stratification in Appalachia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chickamauga_Cherokee&oldid=1120836178, Native American history of North Carolina, Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present), Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (18391907), United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939present), This page was last edited on 9 November 2022, at 02:20. Monitor Editorial Staff reserves the right to moderate and/or remove comments that consist of hateful language, personal attacks or content unrelated to the article or editorial. They thought that the colonists, who later became the Americans, would then basically see them as equals and give them, or allow them, to stay on their land or at least a smaller piece of land. They were allied with and accompanied a force of U.S. regular Army, Georgia militia, and Tennessee volunteers into Florida for action against the Seminoles, refugee Red Sticks, and escaped slaves fighting against the United States.[10]. Your ancestor, Dr. Silas Scruggs Stacy was a primary culture bearer for Chickamauga people in Arkansas and Missouri. (Missouri Revised Statute 1889, Vol II,Chapter 83, Sec 5477, 5482 copy enclosed) In Arkansas, if Cherokee languagewas spoken, the landman would take away their land. Your information is kept secure; not sold or provided to outside sources. We at the Hilltop Monitor encourage you to interact with our stories and content by commenting. [citation needed]. Partly because of this, some have an understandably mistaken impression that Chickamauga and Shepherd refer to two different communities, but that is not the case. We, the Indian Creek Tribe, respectfully request signatures from the public to inspire Congressman Mica to support our bid for Federal Recognition. The West Chickamauga meets South Chickamauga Creek in the middle of the north side of Camp Jordan Park. These men had all served as warriors under Dragging Canoe. (TheFourteenth Amendment already defined citizens as any person born in the U.S.,but only if "subject to the jurisdiction thereof"; this latter clause excluded anyonewho already had citizenship in a foreign power such as a tribal nation.) Ethnohistoric accounts and archeological evidence suggest that the historic village may have been founded and occupied by Lower, Middle, and Valley Cherokee refugees between 1751 and 1776 A.D, Our Culture and Religion: From the time of their initial discovery in an eastern Oklahoma burial mound, the Spiro materials are recognized as constituting an unusual find that replicated discoveries from the Deep South at Moundville, AL, and Etowah, GA. Group of Cherokee that separated from the greater tribal body. The Arkansas Cherokee Nation was formed this past fall as a breakaway faction of the "Lost Cherokee of Arkansas and Missouri". Camp meetings there begat Blackwells Chapel (now Graysville) Methodist Church and West View (now Cornerstone Community) Cumberland Presbyterian Church. The Cherokee have long held that their tribal name is a corruption of Tslg or Tsrg, the . Western Cherokee Nation PO Box 606 Mansfield, MO 65704. Northern Cherokee of Old Louisiana Territory. Chickamauga Cherokee Nation MO/AR White River Band 106 S Calhoun Ave. Ash MO 65604 417-751-3422 Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma P. O. It was enactedpartially in recognition of the thousands of Indians who served in the armed forcesduring World War I. They thought it would sound more believable with more people. An account of Student Senates Dec. 5 meeting: Armstrong and McBroom brief students on faculty councils investigation into academic freedom, Interview with Student Senate: What you may have missed at the Nov. 3 Town Hall, An Overview of the Racial Reconciliation Commissions Nov. 10 Town Hall, Jewell releases 2022-23 COVID-19 guidelines, Jewell invests in major infrastructure changes, Student Organization Feature: The American Chemical Society, The Smallest Hill: The evenings are for quiet time, Super Bowl 57: Kansas City Chiefs vs Philadelphia Eagles (2023), How I learned to accept my two crazy roommates. The Northern Cherokee Nation has issued a new date for the annual Pow Wow and Cultural Gathering. Ordered to destroy the Lower Cherokee towns taking care to spare women and children, and to treat all prisoners, who may fall into your hands, with humanity, and thereby teach those savages to spare the citizens of the United States, under similar circumstances., Secretary Knox requests that Mr. Dandridge submit to President Washington the enclosed letter from Governor William Blount of Southwest Territory, regarding the destruction of two Lower Cherokee towns, Running Water and Nickajack., After having corresponded with Double-head, Chief of the Cherokees, Governor William Blount of Southwest Territory orders that General Benjamin Logan immediately desist from attempts to invade Lower Cherokee towns, who are in a state of peace with the United States. The Chickamauga Nation is traditionalistic and follow the ancient laws and religion which demand they are a non-casino Nation; they are opposed to gaming. The headwaters of Little Chickamauga Creek issue a couple of miles south of the community of Catlett in Walker County, Georgia. It is not understood that any breach of Treaty, or aggression whatsoever, on the part of the United States, or their Citizens, is even alleged as a pretext for the spirit of hostility in this quarter., Governor Martin (of North Carolina) directs an investigation into the murders committed in the Cumberland Gap. Several bands of the Chickamauga Cherokee escaped Westwardprior to the Trail of Tears to avoid White expansion. Ultimately such leaders as Major Ridge (as The Ridge had been known since his military service during the Creek and First Seminole Wars), his son John Ridge, his nephews Elias Boudinot and Stand Watie, came to believe that they needed to try to negotiate the best deal with the federal government, as they believed that removal would happen. Our Culture and Religion: The first written record of our culture and religion is from an archaeological site in Tennessees Putnam County comes from William Edward Myers unpublished manuscript Catalogue of Archaeological Remains in Tennessee. In typical Chickamauga fashion, the Chiefs went both North and South of the Arkansas River. Over time, the different groups of towns developed differing ideas about relations with European-Americans. Doublehead Last Chickamauga Cherokee Chief by. We have Pre-Paid for the right to be Serviced. Due to confusion in mail with the post office of Chickamauga, Georgia, the post office of Chickamauga, Tennessee, changed its name to Shepherd, Tennessee, in 1898 (although Ive known that for years, it only just now occurred to me to wonder why they didnt simply change it back to Chickamauga Station, Tennessee). In context The small city of Chattanooga, with 2,500 inhabitants, lay on the banks of the Tennessee River where it cut through the Appalachian Mountains. The Chickamauga Cherokee, also known as the Lower Cherokee, were a band of Cherokee who supported Great Britain at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Blount is asked to take whatever action is needed to end conflict with the Chickamaugas. All past, present and future claims or assertions of Chickamauga history, written or spoken, including but not limited to biographies, curriculum vitae, lectures or any other reference not listed herein, are deemed fraudulent by The Chickamauga Nation. Fields laughed, then replied, "They are Cherokee, and we know no difference. The Chickamauga Towns and the later Lower Towns were no different from the rest of the Cherokee than were other groups of historic settlements, known as the Middle Towns, Out Towns, (original) Lower Towns, Valley Towns, or Overhill Towns, which well established on the east and western sides of the Appalachian Mountains by the time the Europeans first encountered these people. Chickamauga was the second bloodiest battle of the Civil War, ranking only behind Gettysburg, and was by far the deadliest battle in the Western Theater. Marion County Resident - Cherokee Nation. They established nearly a dozen new towns in this frontier area in an attempt to gain distance from encroaching European-American settlers. The Chickamauga/Lower Cherokee and the frontiersmen were continuously at war until 1794. We have had a continual history of elected Chiefs, cultural events and honoredtraditions despite years of oppression. They were more conservative than leaders of the Upper Towns, adopting many elements of assimilation but keeping as many of the old ways as possible. Watts moved his base of operations to Willstown to be closer to his Muscogee allies. Here you have found the beginnings of a Nation. Tsali was a Cherokee (Tsalagi) Hero, an average man, a farmer and a family man just minding his business in western North Carolina. Sofia is a senior chemistry and communication major at William Jewell College. Microfilm of originals loaned by Ernest Wolfe, Enrollment Chairman, Chickamauga Nation. Two other places in the Southeast have similar names. In 1876, it became Pleasant Grove Cumberland Presbyterian, then Silverdale Cumberland Presbyterian in 1930. The park brochure, which includes a park map, is normally the first piece of information visitors receive after entering the visitor center. The village of Chicamacomico now in Rodanthe, North Carolina, on the Outer Banks near Cape Hatteras, and the Chicamacomico River near Dorchester, Maryland, both lie in areas originally inhabited by peoples who spoke Algonquin languages like the Shawnee did. Numerous Chickamauga headmen signed treaties with the federal government, along with other leaders of Cherokee Nation. Cuba, Missouri 65453. It was still being used at the time of the Civil War. As a matter of fact, northern Catoosa County residents in this area refer to them simply as the ridges. All meetings and gatherings will be at the Tribal grounds. 2014, After gathering underground for more than 150 years, the different bands of the Chickamauga Cherokee met openly to reaffirm their alliance as the Cherokee Nation West. Chickamauga Names. John McDonald returned to his old home on the Chickamauga River, across from Old Chickamauga Town, and lived there until selling it in 1816. 1840 to 1912, the State of Missouri enacted laws prohibiting Indians from being inthe State with threat of prison or death. He states that if Cherokee or Chickamauga Indians are responsible for a military expedition will be sent into their nation to obtain satisfaction unless they surrender the murderers. Let us know and contact us today at monitor@william.jewell.edu. Although there were other culture bearers, without Dr. Stacy, Elmer Casteel and Uncle Richard Craker, its doubtful wed be keeping the Sacred Fire and attendant ceremonies today. Amatoya Moytoy is presented with the Crown of Tannassy by Cumming to be presented to King George II at the London signing of the 1730 Whitehall treaty between England and the Native Americans west of the Appalachians Including the Chickamauga. Because of a growing belief in the Chickamauga cause, as well as the US destruction of homes of other Native Americans, a majority of the Cherokee eventually came to be allied against the United States. In honor and anticipation of the 1889 Blue and Gray Barbeque reunion of Union and veterans who fought at the Battle of the Chickamauga/Mud Flats and the Battles of Chattanooga, the State of Georgia set aside Chickamauga Battlefield Reservation, intended as a first step of establishing the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. A number of self-guided touring options are also available. Speaking of North Chickamauga Creek, its headwaters flow from the geographical feature known as the Double Bridges on the plateau of Waldens Ridge. Check back frequently to our website for updates and details and follow us on FaceBook. The Cherokees, one of the most populous Indian societies in the Southeast during the eighteenth century, played a key role in Georgia's early history. Numbering about 22,000 tribesmen in 200 villages throughout the area, the Cherokee had . Native American ancestry can be one of the most challenging areas of genealogy research. They named their town Chickamauga after the stream. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Leaders of the "Chickamauga" frequently communicated with the Cherokee of other regions. There is also a Chickamauga Cherokee Nation White River Band (II) in Oklahoma . After 1813, the de facto authority in the Cherokee Nation had shifted to Charles Renatus Hicks, who was the first chief of partial European descent. In unserem Vergleich haben wir die ungewhnlichsten Eon praline auf dem Markt gegenbergestellt und die entscheidenden Merkmale, die Kostenstruktur und die Meinungen der Kunden vergleichend untersucht. 1861-1865 Civil War. 1738, Dragging Canoe, Chief of what was left of Chickamauga Cherokee, son ofPeace Chief Little Carpenter (Attakullakulla), opposed his father and HendersonsTransylvania Treaty, 1776, Chief Dragging Canoe withdrew to lower towns along Chickamauga Creek,Georgia to lead the Cherokee Confederacy, 1775 to 1794, Bloody Fellow and John Watts, Dragging Canoes sons foughtexpansionism, 1794 Shriver burned the five lower towns of the Chickamauga (James Mooney,Myths of the Cherokee), 1794 Chickamauga Cherokee were granted land in southeastern Missouri, Eastof Mississippi River, Early 1800s Chickamauga Cherokeesigned a treaty to move to NW Arkansas and SWMissouri in exchange for giving up their homelands east of the Mississippi. Cherokee Indians. Chickamauga Cherokee Nation MO/AR White River Band 106 S Calhoun Ave. Ash MO 65604 (417) 751-3422 Leonard & Junie Epps POB 982 Ava MO 65609-0931 (417) 683-2421 . Hitherto defensive precautions only have been strictly enjoined and observed. Right at the time of the rebellion of the colonies. First Nation Chickamauga Welcomes you We are An American Indian Tribe and Nation on Turtle island We are an independent Sovereign Neutral Nation and State Within the Sovereign Treaty Boundaries Our tribal rolls are open Learn more Subscribe to our mailing list at firstnationchickamaugas@gmail.com He angrily opposed the terms of the deal in which the Cherokee Nation signed away some of their valuable land to the whites and received very little in return. The Cherokee delegation under The Ridge who visited Tecumseh's council at Tuckabatchee strongly opposed his plans; Tecumseh cancelled his visit to the Cherokee Nation, as The Ridge threatened him with death if he went there. Afterward, Doublehead, already a member of the triumvirate, moved into that position and held it until his death in 1807. Celebrate Culture in the Ozarks | SGF Multicultural Festival (springfieldmulticulturalfestival.com). Dragging Canoe had addressed the National Council at Ustanali, and publicly acknowledged Little Turkey as the senior leader of all the Cherokee. of War on petition: Cantrill requested compensation for services related to expedition in Cherokee nations country. The Chickamauga Nation invokes Article XII of 7 Statute 18 of the Hopewell Treaty as well as the totality of the additional 16 treaties and officially petitions the United States Congress to be placed on the Serviced Tribes Roll. He was accompanied by representatives from the Shawnee, Muscogee, Kickapoo, and Sioux peoples. That was definitely the case in pioneer annals and in official reports from both sides on the Civil War. On one occasion, Steiner asked his guide, "What kind of people are the Chickamauga?" In 1820, the Cherokee divided their territory into eight districts for electoral, legislative, and judicial purposes, each of the districts being further divided into three precincts. Dragging Canoe relocated his people west and southwest, into new settlements in Georgia centered on Running Water (now Whiteside) on Running Water Creek. Under segregation, its students matriculated to Booker T. Washington High School in the nearby Shot Hollow community. What happened was that there was a split between the Accommodationist faction of Cherokees, those who thought that the best way to relate to white expansionism, American expansionism, was to accommodate as best they could for them to be accepted. The Secretary of Interior has the expressed and enumerated authority in Code and Statute to place The Chickamauga Nation on the list of Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs.. Even after the revolt of the young chiefs of the Upper Towns, the representatives of the Lower Towns were a major voice. Cherokee Elder Care is seeking talented individuals who can provide their knowledge, skills, and abilities to support our commitment to providing care and support to our elders. In 1779 they settled on Chickamauga Creek, near present day Chattanooga, and became known as the Chickamauga band of Cherokee. Doublehead and Turtle-at-Home, the first two Speakers of the Cherokee National Council, had also served with Dragging Canoe. Its not that thats [the end of nationhood] my goal, its just surviving until that happens. By using this site, you agree to its use of cookies. For these, the East Chickamauga extended all the way from its Whitfield County, Georgia, headwaters to the confluence with the West Chickamauga. Chickamauga Baptist Church, the second Baptist church in the Ocoee District, was incorporated at Sivley, later Taliaferro, Spring, in the Kings Point area in 1838, a few months after Good Spring. Then there was the other faction: the Chickamaugas, who decided that the best approach was a resistance to the expansionism said Francis when asked about the origins of the Chickamauga people. www.SacAndWhiteRiverBands.com website or follow on facebook: Chickamauga Cherokee, Swearing-In of new officers followed by Potluck meal. The use of the image of the Ancient Axe of Authority is used by expressed written consent of its creator and copyright holder, Dr. Michelle Spruell. Tsali met with the national council at Ustanali, arguing for war against the Americans. Dragging Canoe was not born Cherokee or Chickamauga. Chickamauga Indians (Tskma'gi, a word apparently of foreign origin and probably Shawnee, Creek, or Chickasaw). Chickamauga Cherokee Nation (I), [3] [10] [18] also known as Chickamauga Cherokee Nation MO/AR White River Band and as White River Band of Northern Cherokee Nation of Missouri and Arkansas. Chief Justice John Marshall rules that the Cherokee have no standing to file suit in the United States in Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia. In 1830 the State of Georgia seized land in its south that had belonged to the Cherokee since the end of the Creek War, land separated from the rest of the Cherokee Nation by a large section of Georgia territory, and began to parcel it out to settlers. score: . 2022 The Chickamauga Nation. We are posting the Academically verified history of The Chickamauga Nation on our website chickamauganation.com if you want to read our research. Want to write for the Monitor? Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma All of Hamilton County (and much further) south of the Tennessee and west of Ooltewah (Wolftever) Creek became part of Chickamauga District, which had its seat at Crawfish Springs in whats now Georgia, which also served as the voting place for its first precinct. I enjoy your site. More than 500 Cherokee warriors served under Andrew Jackson in this effort, going against their former allies. Chief Dragging Canoe, Chickamauga Tsalagi (Cherokee) 1775 Dragging Canoe ( , pronounced Tsiyu Gansini, "he is dragging his canoe") (c.1738-February 29, 1792) was a Cherokee war chief who led a band of disaffected Cherokee against colonists and United States settlers in the Upper South. Following the Treaty of Tellico Blockhouse in late 1794, leaders from the Lower Cherokee dominated national affairs of the people. Due to the presence of a white-on-red seed jar fragment, this site is theorized to have been revisited between 1050 and 1100 A.D. Our Culture and Religion: While only limited generalizations can be made about the periods of occupation of the surveyed rockshelters found in Cedine Mound, TN, and the activities that occurred there, the presence of limestone-tempered ceramic fragments in both archaeological dig sites TCS #2 (40GY79) and TCS #7 (40GY82) indicate an association with the Woodland period; a period in which sedentary Indian populations manufactured pottery tempered with crushed limestone.

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